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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">1832</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of Cultural Analytics</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2371-4549</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Center for Digital Humanities, Princeton University</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://culturalanalytics.org/">Website: Journal of Cultural Analytics</self-uri>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11652</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22148/001c.11652</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fleshing Out Models of Gender in English-Language Novels (1850 – 2000)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="author-aff-1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="author-aff-1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution-wrap>
          <institution content-type="edu">University of Nebraska</institution>
        </institution-wrap>
      </aff>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-01-29">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection" iso-8601-date="2021-05-03">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue seq="6">1</issue>
      <issue-title>Articles in 2020</issue-title>
      <elocation-id>11652</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access">
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">
              http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
            </ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>
              This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution License (4.0)</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
            </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
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      <abstract>
        <p>Distant readers have used predictive modelling to study the strength of the relationship between characterization and binary notions of gender. This essay builds on that research, shedding light on several historical trends concerning anatomical description and its relationship to gender. Some of the evidence suggests that bodily language has long played a larger role in configuring fictional women than it did for fictional men. Other evidence implies that bodily characteristics were increasingly bifurcated along a gender binary, reflecting how characters are more and more physically sorted along a feminine-masculine axis. Taken altogether, this essay unpacks a suggestive correlation: a growing aspect of characterization was increasingly imbricated in heteronormative discourses. By weighing the discrepancies between the evidence presented in this essay, and that of its predecessors, this essay will ultimately suggest that disaggregating statistical models can unfold patterns of literary change that would otherwise remain suppressed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>machine learning</kwd>
        <kwd>english literature</kwd>
        <kwd>literature</kwd>
        <kwd>gender</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
